Edited By Christine Skopec
Review & Contribution By Ethan Lewis
Computer science is a fascinating topic that investigates the boundaries of what computers can do. It also includes business, industry, science and research, and the military, among other constraints and sectors of our economy. An online associate’s degree in computer science can help students build a solid foundation in problem-solving using technology and algorithmic thinking, with a curriculum emphasizing the design and implementation of computer software. The history and progress of machines, the social influence of computers, and the code of ethics are all covered. Computer scientists can expect high salaries, consistent work, and better potential for growth. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), computer and information sector jobs are projected to grow 13% from 2020 to 2030, faster than the average for all occupations. This guide analyses the many facets of a computer science associate’s degree online, including specialization options, curriculum, careers, certifications, and more.
Featured Online Programs
Best Computer Science Associate Degree Online Programs
Tens of colleges in the United States offer computer science associate programs online and offline. Finding the right institution that aligns with a student’s interests and objectives can be very challenging. One must examine the college’s integrity and infrastructure, the faculty’s qualification and experience, availability of computer-related facilities, student support services, accreditation, and more. To make this easy for prospective students, Find Best Degrees (FBD) has screened numerous colleges and programs offering computer science at the associate’s level. Here is a list of the best associate degree in computer science online: *
Univ | Address |
Franklin University | 201 S Grant Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43215 |
Universities and programs are ranked by various factors, such as affordability, curriculum and coursework, reputation and availability, program length, statistics, the potential of employment, and return on investment for the students. For a more in-depth analysis, please read about our rankings methodology page.
What to Expect from the Computer Science Associate Degree Online Programs
Associate degree programs are designed for people looking for entry-level work before continuing their education or moving on in their careers. This is better explained in the Guide to Associate Programs.
The field of computer science is concerned with the study of computers, computing systems, and networks. Graduates of an associate’s in computer science are prepared for professions in computer science or additional education. The degree teaches the fundamental knowledge and abilities needed for entry-level tech jobs. The core ideas of computer science and programming languages are covered in this degree, and students study web development, in-demand programming languages, and computer systems analysis during a typical 2-year 60 to 65 credits program. Many colleges offer associates in computer science programs online. Working people and students alike will appreciate the convenience of online classes that allow them to study without giving up their jobs or catering to their other responsibilities.
The computer science associate’s curriculum prepares students for transfer to a computer science bachelor’s degree. The curriculum entails a combination of courses that focus on the abilities needed to design algorithms and analyze mathematically oriented problems and data structures to create tools demanded by the industry. Some of the basic coursework includes:
Operating Platforms
This course analyzes and evaluates the qualities, advantages, and shortcomings of operating platforms and architectures to gain a better understanding of them. Students will learn how to use software design templates to address problems and create their own templates and solutions.
Statistics for Computing and Data Science
This course studies the fundamental probability and statistical methods as they pertain to the fields of computer science and data science. Fundamental probability theory, descriptive and inferential statistics, introduction to estimation and regression, and discrete and continuous distributions are some of the major subjects covered. Students apply course topics, conduct experiments, and run simulations using a statistical programming language.
Programming Languages
In this course, students will create programs that adhere to industry rules and meet industry standards using best practices and a variety of programming languages. They will discover why it is critical to write code that prioritizes functionality along with security and efficiency.
Computer System Organization
In this course, students will investigate computer hardware in-depth, covering the components of current computer systems, how they work, and how they combine data and programs. Basic assembly language and architecture are also studied that will teach students the fundamentals of building computer systems from the ground up.
Some of the other associate degree in computer science courses students can expect include but are not limited to:
- Quantitative Reasoning
- Software Development Lifecycle
- Computer Systems and Operating Systems
- Cyber Security
- Database Management Systems
- Discrete Mathematics
- Introduction to Software Engineering
- Database Administration
- Technological Competency
- Programming Fundamentals
- Computer Networking
- Web Programming
- Data Structures and Algorithms
- Computer Science
- System Analysis and Design
An associate in computer science degree program will also include general education courses such as:
- Mathematics
- Calculus
- Linear Algebra
- General Chemistry
- General Physics
- World History
- United States History
- English Composition
Some of the electives students can choose from include but are not limited to:
- iOS App Development
- Android App
- Machine Learning
- Game Design
Degree Types for Computer Science Associate Degree Online Programs
There are primarily three types of online associate degrees in computer science – the Associate of Arts or AA in Computer Science, the Associate of Science or AS
in Computer Science, and the Associate of Applied Science or AAS in Computer Science.
Associate of Arts in Computer Science
The associate of arts or AA computer science is a degree focusing more on subjects from the liberal arts and humanities disciplines. This degree focuses on the theoretical, social, and humanitarian aspects of computer science and is an excellent option for those interested in continuing their education with a bachelor’s, master’s, or Ph.D.
Associate of Science in Computer Science
What is AS in education? The Associate of Science in Education or AS Education degree is science-oriented and often takes more mathematics and lab-based classes.
Areas of Specialization in Computer Science Associate Degree Online Programs
Associate’s degree in computer science students interested in other facets of computing and technology can hone their skills in a specialized field such as gaming, information technology, cybersecurity, networking, or even project management. The associate’s degree in computer science online offers a variety of unique specializations for such students. These specializations are designed to support emerging trends, meet specific requirements in the computer science industry, and allow students to customize their education to match their interests and career goals. The following are some specializations from which students might select:
Area of Specialization | Description | Career Options |
---|---|---|
Computer-Human Interface | This area of study factors the numerous ways in which people engage with computers, including interacting with mobile phones, websites, voice-enabled devices, and virtual and augmented reality. The concentration utilizes standard libraries necessary for efficient interface creation and deployment, which is done to assure the interoperability and usability of applications across different platforms. | This specialization can lead to jobs as User Interface (UI) designers, User Experience (UX) specialists, interaction designers, etc. |
Networks | This concentration focuses on how firms share information with various stakeholder groups by utilizing wired and wireless networks to communicate with one another. The management of user access, bandwidth, and traffic, as well as the security of networks and the security of any devices linked to the network, are all part of the responsibilities. | This specialization can lead to jobs as network analysts, network administrators, network architects, etc. |
Programming Languages | This specialization studies the fundamental distinctions that exist between widely used programming languages such as Visual Basic .NET, C, JavaScript, Ruby, Python, PHP, R, and SQL. This includes knowledge about the different kinds of applications, databases, or other use cases best suited for each language. | This specialization can lead to jobs as data scientists, database administrators, data analysts, machine learning engineers, information scientists, business intelligence analysts, etc. |
Computer Graphics | This specialization focuses on the use of 2 and 3-dimensional pictures used in software applications such as games, computer-aided design, multimedia publishing, and manufacturing. The specialization teaches the concepts of creating realistic images and effective computer visual design that analyzes the optimal approach to display those images given limits such as screen size, bandwidth, and system memory. | This specialization can lead to jobs as graphic designers, User Interface (UI) designers, web application developers, iOS developers, android developers, etc. |
Information Security | This specialization looks at networks, storage equipment, devices, software applications, and other facets of an organization’s security managed by information security specialists. Students gain a thorough understanding of security flaws as well as the numerous methods used by internal and external hackers or attackers to exploit them. Students also learn how to strike a balance between the demand for user productivity and the need for security. | This specialization can lead to jobs as network security analysts, security specialists, system security analysts, etc. |
Computer Science Theory | This concentration investigates the advanced and sophisticated mathematical principles and theories that apply to computer science. Approximation techniques, advanced cryptography, randomness, and computational algebra are examples of these theories. Students also study other theories that look into techniques like parallel computing and distributed computing for data and system processing. | This specialization can lead to jobs as graphic designers, User Interface (UI) designers, web application developers, iOS developers, android developers, etc. |
Why should I get a Computer Science Associate Degree Online Degree?
The core ideas of computer science and programming languages are covered in an associate degree in computer science. Students learn popular programming languages, computer systems analysis, web development, algorithms, data structures, and more. Those interested in computer science careers will benefit from an associate degree because it will prepare them for entry-level technological careers while building a solid foundation for further education.
An associate degree introduces learners to key topics in computer science in less time than a bachelor’s degree because it is a two-year curriculum. For those already working in the computer science sector and who want to formalize their skills with a degree, the 2-year associate in computer science program is a wonderful option. It is also a good option to learn more about computer science without committing to a four-year degree.
Graduates of an associate degree can either transfer to a bachelor’s degree program to further their studies or enter the workforce to obtain experience and start their careers. With computer and information sector jobs projected to grow 13% from 2020 to 2030, a computer science degree seems like a sensible choice for those who like all things computer.
Upon graduating, individuals with an associate’s degree in computer science online would be ready to showcase a host of skills, including the ability to:
- analyze a complicated computing problem and use computing theory and mathematics to come up with accurate and effective solutions;
- demonstrate the capacity to learn and adapt to a technical environment that is always changing;
- be a member or leader of a team, and/or collaborate with others to design, implement, and test computer software;
- create computing-based solutions, and apply computer science theory and software development foundations;
- develop low-level assembly-language code that directly accesses and controls hardware devices, the CPU, and memory, using knowledge of computer architecture and structure;
- analyze a problem and determine and outline the computational needs necessary to solve it;
- create, implement, and test computing-based solutions based on a set of specifications;
- ensure efficient operation with the latest technology and software, and use skills in computer literacy, operating systems, and computer applications as necessary;
- analyze, communicate, and present knowledge about computer algorithms, programming, software development, and ethical principles; and
- apply design, development, and deployment principles while creating software systems.
Free Courses for Computer Science Associate Degree Online Students
Free courses are an excellent way to learn something new or enhance one’s knowledge in a specific area within computer science. Associates in computer sciences students could also use free courses for their assignments or to learn for exams. Here are a few platforms that offer free online courses for associate’s degree in computer science students:
Course | Description | Provided by |
---|---|---|
Various Topics Related to Computer Science | Popular learning site Udemy has about 300 offerings related to computer science, from Foundations of Computer Science: Theory and Practice, Computer Science Principles, Computer Fundamentals, to Introduction to Data Science using Python, Introduction to Networking, and more. | Udemy |
Various Topics Related to Computer Science | Coursera offers almost 850 courses in computer science-related topics at the beginner’s level (suitable for associates degree students). While not all these courses come free, some free ones include Computer Science: Programming with a Purpose, Code Yourself! An Introduction to Programming, Cybersecurity for Everyone, etc. | Coursera |
Various Topics Related to Computer Science | Although not quite suited for associate-level studies, MIT OpenCourseWare offers undergraduate courses that could be useful for an associates-level student. Courses include Mathematics for Computer Science, Computation Cognitive Science, Introduction to Computer Science Programming, Introduction to Computational Thinking and Data Science, and many more. | MIT OpenCourseWare |
How to get into Computer Science Associate Degree Online Programs?
The basic requirement for entry into an associate degree in computer science online requires an applicant to have a high school diploma or Graduate Educational Development (GED) certificate. Additionally, students are also required to show proficiency and readiness in English and Math (at least a grade ‘c’) for admission into the program. Apart from these basic requirements, some of the other associates in computer science requirements are:
- Admission or Application Form with its prescribed fee.
- Official Academic Transcripts.
- Grade Point Average (GPA) of 2.0 or more (higher grades in English and Math preferred).
- SAT or ACT Score (required by some schools)
- Personal Statement or Statement of Purpose (required by some schools)
- Proof of English Proficiency (if the native tongue is or education was not in English)
Note: Admission requirements vary by school and program. It is always best for students to check with the admissions office at the school of their choice for exact requirements.
How Long does it take to complete Computer Science Associate Degree Online Programs
A typical 60 to 65-credit online associate’s degree in computer science will require about 2 years to complete. This time frame can vary depending on whether the student takes synchronous or asynchronous classes, the program’s structure, core courses, electives, concentration areas, and other factors. Part-time students will take longer to earn their degrees than full-time students. The average timelines to earn an associate’s degree in computer science are as follows:
- Time to complete full-time associate’s degree in computer science program: about 2 Years.
- Time to complete part-time associate’s degree in computer science program: between 2 and 3 years.
Accelerated Computer Science Associate Degree Online Programs
While most schools allow students to attend an online associate’s degree in computer science part-time, very few will enable them to graduate quicker than the usual 2-years required. Depending on the coursework and college, students may be able to finish 2 to 3 months earlier than the schedule. However, many colleges offer accelerated degrees in a slightly different flavor – they allow students to complete their associate’s program and then move on to a bachelor’s program with most or all their credits transferred. Here is an example:
Lone Star College (LSC) – offers the first 2 years of the computer science program at the LSC and 2 years of a bachelor’s degree at any university, substantially bringing down the overall cost of the bachelor’s program.
Accreditations for Computer Science Associate Degree Online Programs
Employers and other institutions (when transferring) will only accept a degree from a college or program that is approved by a recognized accreditation body. Having an accreditation seal means that a school or program has met and will continue to meet rigorous academic and administrative requirements. Associate degrees rely heavily on students being able to easily transfer their credits between institutions and being eligible for financial aid, both of which accreditation ensures. Six regional accrediting bodies are available in the United States, either recognized by the U. S. Department of Education (USDE), the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA), or both; they are:
- Higher Learning Commission (HLC)
- Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE)
- New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC)
- Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU)
- Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC)
- Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC)
Students of a computer science associate’s degree can check the accreditation status of their college on the official USDE or CHEA websites. At some colleges, the computer science program, rather than the institution, may be accredited by the Computing Accreditation Commission (CAC) from the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). However, in almost all cases, this accreditation is for bachelor’s programs and above.
Find out why accreditation is a very critical component of college education in the Guide to College Accreditation.
How to Pay for Computer Science Associate Degree Online Programs?
The tuition cost of an associate in computer science degree program averaged $5,751.50 in 2019-2020 (average of in-state and out-of-state tuition), according to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Although online programs would be relatively cheaper along with the added benefits of not having to pay for accommodation, commutes, meals, etc., some students may find the costs difficult to bear by themselves. For such students, many funding options are available to reduce their financial burden. Students should read about What is Financial Aid? to understand how funding works and what their options are. Meanwhile, here are a few ways from which one can seek financial assistance when enrolling in an associate’s degree in computer science:
Scholarships
A scholarship is the most popular funding option for most students. Individuals, groups, non-profit organizations, for-profit organizations, and educational institutions give out scholarships to students with an excellent academic track record. The greatest advantage of scholarships is that they are “free money” that does not need to be paid back.
Grants
Like scholarships, grants too are “free money” and do not need to be paid back. The main criterion for a grant to be awarded is the applicant’s financial need, although their academic achievement is often considered too. Grants can be used not only to pay for tuition but also to pay for other educational expenses such as books, transport, library fees, and so on.
Student Loans
Student Loans are another way to fund one’s college education. They are often given out by banks or the federal government. It is worth noting that loans typically attract interest, which must be paid back along with the principal amount either as a lump sum or in equated installments. Read about Donors for Student Loans and Grants for Student Loans to understand how one can apply for loan forgiveness to avoid repaying student loans.
FAFSA
The Free Application For Student Aid or FAFSA is an application for federal financial aid that all prospective and current college students must complete to check if they are eligibile for aid and receive the best financial aid package possible. The FAFSA Student Aid guide explains more.
Find out everything there is to know about college funding in the How to Pay for College guide.
FAQs Related to the Computer Science Associate Degree Online Programs
Are computer science associates programs online?
Yes, the associate’s degree in computer science can be done entirely online. Those attempting to manage all of life’s demands, including their family and work, will find the online computer science associate program to be a terrific solution. Students can finish their weekly tasks whenever it is most convenient for them because many online programs have no mandated login times.
What can you do with associates in computer science?
Is an associate in computer science worth it?
What is the difference between associates in IT vs. associates in computer science?
How long is an associate’s degree in computer science?
What is an associate in computer science like?
How much can I make with an associate’s degree in computer science?
Career Opportunities and Salaries after Computer Science Associate Degree Online Programs
Associate’s degrees in computer science are a wonderful way to get started in a computer technology job. Degree holders have a competitive advantage in the workplace and surpass high school graduates. If students pursue higher education, such as a bachelor’s or master’s degree, these benefits tend to rise even more. The salary in computer science is excellent, and job options are many. Additionally, an associate’s degree in computer science is a great approach to evaluate if a job in IT suits and aligns with one’s interests and objectives. With a computer science degree, graduates can pursue a variety of job routes, each of which provides distinct prospects in the area. Some entry-level roles and job titles for an associates degree in computer science holder include:
- Help Desk Technician
- Computer Support Specialist
- Applications Analyst
- Desktop Publisher
- Programmer Analyst
- Computer Programmer
- Back-End Web Developer
- Software Quality Assurance Analyst
- Computer Systems Analyst
- Web Designer or Developer
- Network Technician
- Computer Systems Administrator
- Front-End Web Developer
- Applications Developer
- Full-Stack Web Developer
- Software Developer
Even though most professions in the computing world demand higher skills, certification, and experience, associate-level computer science graduates have a promising future. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that computer and information sector jobs are projected to grow 13% from 2020 to 2030, faster than the average for all occupations. Here are a few careers related to computer science, their median annual salary, estimated job growth, and skills required (the figures mentioned are typically for those who hold at least a bachelor’s degree or have a fair amount of experience in the field):
Occupation | Job Description | Skills Required | Median Annual Salary | Job Growth (up to 2030) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Computer Support Specialists | Computer support specialists examine and troubleshoot computer-related issues. They play a crucial role in maintaining their organization’s computers and networks periodically. They also offer non-IT computer users technical assistance and walk them through the recommended problem-solving processes. | Customer-service skills, problem-solving skills, communication skills, listening skills | $57,910 | 9% (as fast as average) |
Computer Systems Analysts | Computer systems analysts research and design enhancements to an organization’s current computer systems and practices. As a result, these analysts assist the business in becoming more efficient. Computer systems analysts collaborate with other members of the IT team to help business leaders understand how computer systems may effectively serve their company. They also supervise the installation and implementation of new systems, as well as their customization for the company. | Communication skills, business skills, organizational skills, detail-oriented, creativity, analytical skills | $99,270 | 7% (as fast as average) |
Network and Computer Systems Administrators | Network and computer systems administrators are responsible for the day-to-day functioning of computer networks, which are essential components of practically every business. They oversee network segments, intranets, Local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and other data communication systems, organizing, installing, and providing support for them. They also assure the effective operation of email and data storage networks and that employees’ workstations are functioning properly by keeping them connected to the central computer network. | Multitasking skills, communication skills, analytical skills, problem-solving skills | $80,600 | 5% (slower than average) |
Information Security Analysts | Information security analysts are responsible for the planning and execution of security procedures to secure the computer networks and systems of a company. They are significantly involved in the development of their company’s disaster recovery plan, which is a procedure that IT professionals follow in the event of a crisis. They look for flaws in computer and network systems, set security standards and best practices for their company, and provide security recommendations to management or senior IT personnel. | Creative skills, communication skills, problem-solving skills, analytical skills, detail-oriented | $102,600 | 33% (much faster than average) |
Web Developers and Digital Designers | Web developers are responsible for creating and maintaining websites. They are also responsible for the technical features of the website, such as its performance and bandwidth, which refer to the speed of a website and how much traffic it can handle. They also might contribute to the site’s content creation. Digital designers plan, design, and test the layout, functionalities, and navigation of a website or interface for usability. They oversee the website’s or interface’s appearance and operation. | Customer-service skills, communication skills, problem-solving skills, detail-oriented, creativity | $77,200 | 13% (faster than average) |
Certifications and Licensing for Computer Science Associate Degree Online Students
Certifications in computer science are the next logical step in a successful tech career. With an associate computer science degree, students may prepare for and pass a variety of certification exams while increasing the value of their résumés dramatically. Moreover, certifications are not just for finding a job; one may continue to get certified after one has been hired to further their career. Computer science certifications can open the door to a wide range of job opportunities and help graduates advance their technical abilities to a professional level. Here are some important certifications related to operating systems networking, communication, cybersecurity, and product support:
Microsoft 365 Certified: Fundamenatals Certification
Microsoft has over a hundred certifications in various aspects of computer technology across various learning levels. One of them that suits associate-level graduates is the Microsoft 365 Certified: Fundamentals certification. This certification allows individuals to demonstrate their expertise as cloud evangelists. Earning this certification demonstrates that the candidate understands the benefits of cloud services, the Software as a Service (SaaS) cloud model basics, Microsoft 365 capabilities, and the value of using Microsoft 365 cloud services.
CompTIA A+ Certification
CompTIA A+ is the only certificate that is industry-recognized and includes performance testing to demonstrate that computer professionals can think actively and quickly and complete critical IT support tasks. Worldwide, employers rely on it to identify go-to persons in technical support roles and end-point management. Professionals with this certification have a track record of solving problems. They support today’s most important technologies, including networking, security, and virtualization, among others. The CompTIA A+ certification is the industry standard to start a career in information technology in today’s digital world.
Certified Information System Security Professional (CISSP)
The Certified Information System Security Professional (CISSP) credential validates an individual’s ability to plan, develop, and manage a world-class cybersecurity program. This global certification is an excellent choice for those interested in computer and network safety and security who want to help solve the many problems people face in an increasingly connected world.
Apple Training and Certification
Apple Training and Certification provides a comprehensive program that covers a wide variety of technical skills and abilities. This certification will expand one’s knowledge of Apple’s macOS operating system as well as the professional digital programs that it supports, making it easier for one to deploy them in various environments. The certification includes Mac OS X client deployment, Apple Xsan implementation and deployment, Integration of Mac computers into a mixed computing environment, and more.
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)
The Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) credential covers the principles of networking, IP services, automation, the fundamentals of network security, and programmability. The certification verifies that a candidate has the knowledge and expertise necessary to manage and maximize the performance of today’s most complex networks. The CCNA touches upon topics like IP connectivity and network access and provides the foundation necessary to move one’s career in any they wish.
CompTia Network+ Certification
The CompTIA Network+ certification is a certification that validates the technical abilities necessary to safely construct, manage, and troubleshoot the important networks that organizations rely on. Unlike other networking certifications that are vendor-specific, the CompTia Network+ trains candidates to maintain networks on any platform, making it unique in that it is the only one that covers the specialized skills required of network professionals.
Additional Resources for Computer Science Associate Degree Online Students
A career in computer science may benefit from one’s participation in a professional organization, which can also help one stay abreast of the most recent developments in the sector. Membership often comes with a host of benefits, such as mentoring, access to robust peer networks, career opportunities, job training, etc. Here are a few resources that associates in computer science online students and graduates can tap into:
Association for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T)
The Association for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) gives people the chance to expand their influence in the information science and technology sectors. It is a forum for exchanging ideas and advocating for well-informed policy on national and worldwide information challenges. ASIS&T gives members a chance to join an international network of people from all walks of life who work in fields ranging from computer science to healthcare to engineering and librarianship. ASIS&T offers various programs and services, meetings and events, and publications.
Association for Women in Computing (AWC)
The Association for Women in Computing (AWC) is one of the first professional organizations for women in computing. Founded in 1978, AWC is committed to promoting women’s advancement in the computing field through networking and educational events on technical and career-related themes. The organization offers its members opportunities for professional growth, news and events, technical seminars, career planning services, and skill enhancement, among others.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a non-profit organization, is the world’s biggest technical professional organization dedicated to the advancement of technology for the benefit of humanity. The IEEE Computer Society improves computer and information-processing science and technology theory, design, practice, and application and offers its members job boards, journals, webinars, podcasts, tech news, and more.
Computer Research Association (CRA)
The Computer Research Association (CRA) has more than 200 North American computing research institutions as members, including academic departments of computer science and computer engineering, industry, government, academia laboratories and centers, and allied professional associations. The CRA has initiatives that mentor and cultivates individuals at every stage of the computing research pipeline, allowing more computing researchers to achieve their full potential. CRA provides scholarly publications, research news, workforce and history reports, and more.
The Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET)
The Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET) is one of the world’s largest engineering institutions, with over 155,000 engineering and technology professionals across 148 countries. IET aims to “inspire, inform and influence the global engineering community to engineer a better world.” The organization provides members with a digital library, career manager, bookshop, magazine, etc.